Symmetrical Faults

Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Faults

Normally, a power system operates under balanced conditions. When the system becomes unbalanced due to the failures of insulation at any point or due to the contact of live wires, a short–circuit or fault, is said to occur in the line. Faults may occur in the power system due to the number of reasons like natural disturbances (lightning, high-speed winds, earthquakes), insulation breakdown, falling of a tree, bird shorting, etc.

Faults that occurs in transmission lines are broadly classified as

1. Symmetrical faults
2. Unsymmetrical faults

Symmetrical faults

In such types of faults, all the phases are short-circuited to each other and often to earth. Such fault is balanced in the sense that the systems remain symmetrical, or we can say the lines displaced by an equal angle (i.e. 120° in three phase line). It is the most severe type of fault involving largest current, but it occurs rarely. For this reason balanced short- circuit calculation is performed to determine these large currents.

Book

• Power System Analysis by Grainger and W.D. Stevenson

• Power System Analysis and Design by J. Duncan Glover,Mulukutla S. Sarma and Thomas J. Overbye

• Power System Analysis by Hadi Sadat

• Principles of Power Systems by Mehta

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PREPARING YOUR COVER LETTER , How to plan, write, and customize a winning document?

Book               PREPARING YOUR COVER LETTER
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WHAT IS A MEMO? HOW TO WRITE MEMO? Technical Writing

Book            WHAT IS A MEMO?   Technical Writing
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How to use audio visual aids effectively ? ppt

Audio visual aids are important in education system. Audio visual aids are those devices which are used in classrooms to encourage teaching learning process and make it easier and interesting. Audio -visual aids are the best tool for making teaching effective and the best dissemination of knowledge .So there is no doubt that technical devices have greater impact and dynamic informative system. This study designed to analyze the effectiveness of audio visual aids in teaching learning process at university level. To achieve the purpose of study two questionnaires was design as research tool separately for teachers and students. The questionnaire was administered to 150 students and 50 teachers of The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,(faculty of arts and faculty of science) Mean score was calculated to determine the empirical reaction of students and teachers on each item. The data was analyzed by using standard deviation and Z test. The findings for each statement were made. On the basis of findings, the conclusion was drawn. It was found that (i) the respondents viewed that A.V aids play important role in teaching learning process (ii) A.V aids make teaching learning process effective (iii) The respondents viewed that A.V aids provide knowledge in depth and detail (iv)It brings change in class room environment.(v)It motivates to teachers and students. On the basis of findings of study, following recommendation were made (1) Teachers may be trained for using A.V aids (2) Teachers may planning before using A.V aids (3) University may provided proper facilities of A.V aids (4) A.V aids may be according to level and interest of students.(5) Training may be provided to student for proper use of A.V aids.


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How to improve presentation skills ? ppt

A presentation is a means of communication which can be adapted to various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team. To be effective, step-by-step preparation and the method and means of presenting the information should be carefully considered.
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What is nonverbal communication ? ppt

It's well known that good communication is the foundation of any successful relationship, be it personal or professional. It's important to recognize, though, that it's our nonverbal communication—our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and tone of voice—that speak the loudest.
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How to Write a Memo (with Sample Memos) ppt

Writing the Memo's Heading
Type “MEMORANDUM” at the top of the page. ...
Address the recipient appropriately. ...
Add additional recipients in the CC line. ...
Write your name in the “From” line. ...
Include the date. ...
Choose a specific phrase for the subject line. ...
Format the heading properly.

How To Write Effective Meeting Minutes ppt

Decisions made about each agenda item, for example:
Actions taken or agreed to be taken.
Next steps.
Voting outcomes – e.g., (if necessary, details regarding who made motions; who seconded and approved or via show of hands, etc.)
Motions taken or rejected.
Items to be held over.
New business.
Next meeting date and time.

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How to write business Letter ppt

Need to write a polished, professional letter?
Most business letters follow an established, easy-to-learn format that you can adapt to any type of content. A business letter should always contain the date, information about the sender and recipient, and a few body paragraphs. Follow these steps and modify as necessary to fit your company's standards.

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